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Catherine of Aragon Catherine of Aragon 1485 - 1536 First wife of Henry VIII and Queen of England
Chula Chakrabongse Chula Chakrabongse 1908 - 1963 Author, Motor-racing enthusiast
Richard Brinsley Sheridan Richard Brinsley Sheridan 1751 - 1816 Playwright, orator, and Whig politician
Mary Shelley Mary Shelley 1797 - 1851 Novelist, editor, biographer
Samuel Cunard Samuel Cunard 1787 - 1865 Founder of the Cunard Line
William Shakespeare William Shakespeare 1564 - 1616 Playwright, poet, actor
Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell 1599 - 1658 Leader of the Parliamentarian army
Louis-Andre de Grimaldi Louis-Andre de Grimaldi 1736 - 1804 Bishop of Le Mans and Noyon, Peer of France
Margaret Hilda Thatcher Margaret Hilda Thatcher 1925 - 2013 Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Richard William Wright Richard William Wright 1943 - 2008 Keyboardist and co-founder of Pink Floyd
Saadi Youssef Saadi Youssef 1934 - 2021 Poet, journalist, publisher, translator
Christopher Gable Christopher Gable 1940 - 1998 Ballet dancer, choreographer and actor
Ian Curtis Ian Curtis 1956 - 1980 Musician
Henry VIII of England Henry VIII of England 1491 - 1547 King of England and head of the Church of England
John Henry Bonham John Henry Bonham 1948 - 1980 Drummer of Led Zeppelin
Sir Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton 1642 - 1727 Laws of motion, Universal gravitation
Stephen Hawking Stephen Hawking 1942 - 2018 Theoretical physicist and cosmologist
Mary Anne Evans Mary Anne Evans 1819 - 1880 Novelist and poet
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1744 - 1818 Queen consort of Great Britain and Ireland
Alexandra of Yugoslavia Alexandra of Yugoslavia 1921 - 1993 Queen consort of Yugoslavia
Stanley Holden Stanley Holden 1928 - 2007 Character dancer and choreographer
Max Muller Max Muller 1823 - 1900 Sanskrit scholar, philologist, orientalist
Henry VII Henry VII 1457 - 1509 King of England and Lord of Ireland
Ian Holm Ian Holm 1931 - 2020 Actor in stage and film
Edouard Percy Cranwill Girouard Edouard Percy Cranwill Girouard 1867 - 1932 Railway builder and colonial administrator
Roald Dahl Roald Dahl 1916 - 1990 Author of children’s books and short stories
William Trevor William Trevor 1928 - 2016 Novelist and short story writer
Robert Ian Hamilton Robert Ian Hamilton 1938 - 2001 Poet, critic, editor and biographer
Davy Jones Davy Jones 1945 - 2012 Lead singer of The Monkees
Thurstan of Bayeux Thurstan of Bayeux 1070 - 1140 Archbishop of York
Bob Hoskins Bob Hoskins 1942 - 2014 Blues-rock singer, songwriter, and musician
David Bowie David Bowie 1947 - 2016 Singer, songwriter, producer and actor
Dinu Patriciu Dinu Patriciu 1950 - 2014 Businessman, Politician, Architect
Helen McCrory Helen McCrory 1968 - 2021 Member of Peaky Blinders and Harry Potter films
Catherine Parr Catherine Parr 1512 - 1548 Queen consort of England and Ireland
James Ussher James Ussher 1581 - 1656 Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland
Srinivasa Ramanujan Srinivasa Ramanujan 1887 - 1920 Mathematical genius
Charlotte Augusta Matilda Charlotte Augusta Matilda 1766 - 1828 Princess Royal and Queen consort of Württemberg
Fred Spofforth Fred Spofforth 1853 - 1926 Fast bowler
Vivien Leigh Vivien Leigh 1913 - 1967 Actress
Henry IV of England Henry IV of England 1367 - 1413 King of England and Lord of Ireland
Nick Cave Nick Cave 1957 - 2021 musician, writer, and actor
Abd al-Halim Hafez Abd al-Halim Hafez 1929 - 1977 Singer and actor
Charlie Chaplin Charlie Chaplin 1889 - 1977 Comedian, filmmaker, composer
Neville Chamberlain Neville Chamberlain 1869 - 1940 Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Eric Morecambe Eric Morecambe 1926 - 1984 Comedy duo Morecambe and Wise
Yinka Craig Yinka Craig 1948 - 2008 Sports commentator and analyst
Maurice Gibb Maurice Gibb 1949 - 2003 Singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist
George William Frederick George William Frederick 1738 - 1820 King of Great Britain and Ireland
Tomasz Arciszewski Tomasz Arciszewski 1877 - 1955 Prime Minister of Poland in exile
Roy Herbert Thomson Roy Herbert Thomson 1894 - 1976 Founder of Thomson Corporation
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon 1930 - 2002 British royal and sister of Queen Elizabeth II
Sir Grafton Elliot Smith Sir Grafton Elliot Smith 1871 - 1937 Anatomy, Egyptology, and hyperdiffusionism
John Winston Ono Lennon John Winston Ono Lennon 1940 - 1980 Musician-peace activist
Michael Marks Michael Marks 1859 - 1907 Co-founder of Marks & Spencer
James Cook James Cook 1728 - 1779 Explorer, cartographer and naval officer
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Ghulam Ishaq Khan 1915 - 2006 Seventh president of Pakistan
Lo Hsiang lin Lo Hsiang lin 1906 - 1978 Historian and educator
John Harrison John Harrison 1693 - 1776 Clockmaker and inventor of the marine chronometer
George-Etienne Cartier George-Etienne Cartier 1814 - 1873 Father of Confederation
Joseph Tomelty Joseph Tomelty 1911 - 1995 Actor and playwright
Ian Fraser Kilmister Ian Fraser Kilmister 1945 - 2015 Musician, singer, songwriter
Albert Finney Albert Finney 1936 - 2019 Actor of stage and screen
John Leslie Mackie John Leslie Mackie 1917 - 1981 philosophy of religion, philosophy of language
Harold Godwinson Harold Godwinson 1022 - 1066 The last crowned Anglo-Saxon king of England
Keith John Moon Keith John Moon 1946 - 1978 Drummer for the rock band
Thomas Patrick McKenna Thomas Patrick McKenna 1929 - 2011 Character actor
Ljubo Sirc Ljubo Sirc 1920 - 2016 Economist
Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven 1863 - 1950 Royal family member and matriarch
Boudica Boudica 30 - 61 Leader of the Iceni tribe and thest the Romans
Rudolf Diesel Rudolf Diesel 1858 - 1913 Inventing the diesel engine
Andy Gibb Andy Gibb 1958 - 1988 Singer, songwriter
Felicjan Slawoj Skladkowski Felicjan Slawoj Skladkowski 1885 - 1962 Prime Minister of Poland
Anwar Shemza Anwar Shemza 1928 - 1985 Painter and writer
Yusuf Idris Yusuf Idris 1927 - 1991 Writer and playwright
Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten 1900 - 1979 Naval commander, last Viceroy of India
William Wallace William Wallace 1270 - 1305 Leader
Elizabeth of York Elizabeth of York 1466 - 1503 Queen consort of England
Umaru Dikko Umaru Dikko 1936 - 2014 Transport minister
John Greer Ervine John Greer Ervine 1883 - 1971 Playwright, novelist, biographer
Richard Harris Richard Harris 1930 - 2002 actor and singer
Allama Khalid Mahmood Allama Khalid Mahmood 1925 - 2020 Islamic scholar and jurist
Deven Verma Deven Verma 1937 - 2014 Actor, director and producer of Hindi cinema
Jill Dorothy Ireland Jill Dorothy Ireland 1936 - 1990 Actress and singer
Frances Ruth Shand Kydd Frances Ruth Shand Kydd 1936 - 2004 Aristocrat and socialite
Harrie Massey Harrie Massey 1908 - 1983 Physicist and electronics engineer
Abdul Hafeez Pirzada Abdul Hafeez Pirzada 1935 - 2015 Minister of Law and Finance
Mary of Guise Mary of Guise 1515 - 1560 Queen consort and regent of Scotland
Nizar Qabbani Nizar Qabbani 1923 - 1998 Poet, writer, publisher
Charles John Huffam Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens 1812 - 1870 Novelist and social critic of the Victorian era
Sean O'Casey Sean O'Casey 1880 - 1964 Dramatist and memoirist
John sans terre,king of England John sans terre,king of England 1167 - 1216 King of England
Ganga Ram Ganga Ram 1851 - 1927 Civil engineer and architect
Rudyard Kipling Rudyard Kipling 1865 - 1936 Writer and poet, author of The Jungle Book and Kim
Teki Bicoku Teki Bicoku 1926 - 2009 Editor of Drita and The Adriatic Review
Paula Rego Paula Rego 1935 - 2022 Painter and printmaker
Walter Gotell Walter Gotell 1924 - 1997 James Bond films
Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 1792 - 1849 Queen consort of the United Kingdom and Hanover
Andrew Mango Andrew Mango 1926 - 2014 Writer and broadcaster on Turkish affairs
Alfred the Great Alfred the Great 849 - 899 King of Wessex and the Anglo-Saxons
Jawad Saleem Jawad Saleem 1919 - 1961 Director of Iraq National Museum
Princess Alice of Battenberg Princess Alice of Battenberg 1885 - 1969 Mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Elizabeth Alexandra Mary 1926 - 2022
Birabongse Bhanudej Birabongse Bhanudej 1914 - 1985 Racing Driver
Ali Sastroamidjojo Ali Sastroamidjojo 1903 - 1975 Prime Minister of Indonesia
Sir Francis Drake Sir Francis Drake 1540 - 1596 Circumnavigating the globe and fighting
Brian Jones Brian Jones 1942 - 1969 Multi-instrumentalist
Edward VII Edward VII 1841 - 1910 King of the United Kingdom and British Dominions
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan 1948 - 1997 Singer and master of Qawwali style
Richard Steele Richard Steele 1672 - 1729 Essayist, dramatist, journalist
Maqbool Fida Husain Maqbool Fida Husain 1915 - 2011 Modernist painter and filmmaker
Isambard Kingdom Brunel Isambard Kingdom Brunel 1806 - 1859 Mechanical and construction engineer
Martin O'Hagan Martin O'Hagan 1950 - 2001 Investigative journalist
David Mitrany David Mitrany 1888 - 1975 Political Scientist
Peter Sellers Peter Sellers 1925 - 1980 Actor, comedian, singer, star of The Goon Show
Brefni O'Rorke Brefni O'Rorke 1889 - 1946 Actor
Mary I of England Mary I of England 1516 - 1558 Queen of England and Ireland
Savitri Devi Savitri Devi 1905 - 1982 Proponent of Nazism and Hinduism
John Wesley John Wesley 1703 - 1791 Theologian, evangelist, and founder of Methodism
Margaret Morris Margaret Morris 1891 - 1980 Dancer and choreographer
Bertrand Arthur William Russell Bertrand Arthur William Russell 1872 - 1970 Philosopher and founder of analytic philosophy
Elizabeth Woodville Elizabeth Woodville 1437 - 1492 Queen consort of Edward IV and mother of Edward V
Michael Somes Michael Somes 1917 - 1994 Principal dancer of The Royal Ballet
Henry VI Henry VI 1421 - 1471 King of England and disputed King of France
H. G. Wells H. G. Wells 1866 - 1946 Author of The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds
Caroline Flack Caroline Flack 1979 - 2020 TV presenter
Lady Jane Grey Lady Jane Grey 1537 - 1554 Queen of England and Ireland for nine days
Sir John Warcup Kappa Cornforth Sir John Warcup Kappa Cornforth 1917 - 2013 Chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Graham Chapman Graham Chapman 1941 - 1989 Actor, comedian and writer
Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa 1840 - 1901 German Empress and Queen of Prussia
Sir Thomas More Sir Thomas More 1478 - 1535 Author of Utopia, Lord High Chancellor of England
Beatrix Potter Beatrix Potter 1866 - 1943 Children's author and illustrator
Robert Palmer Robert Palmer 1949 - 2003 Singer, songwriter, record producer
Evelyn Emmet, Baroness Emmet of Amberley Evelyn Emmet, Baroness Emmet of Amberley 1899 - 1980 Member of Parliament for East Grinstead
Ferdynand Goetel Ferdynand Goetel 1890 - 1960 Novelist, playwright, essayist, screenwriter
Oliver Goldsmith Oliver Goldsmith 1730 - 1774 Novelist, playwright, poet
Samuel Alexander Samuel Alexander 1859 - 1938 Metaphysics, philosophy of religion
Horatio Nelson Horatio Nelson 1758 - 1805 Naval commander
Aldous Leonard Huxley Aldous Leonard Huxley 1894 - 1963 Author of Brave New World and other novels
Abdul Haris Nasution Abdul Haris Nasution 1918 - 2000 Commander of the Indonesian National Armed
Juan de la Cierva Juan de la Cierva 1895 - 1936 Aeronautical engineer inventor of the autogiro
Ada Lovelace Ada Lovelace 1815 - 1852 Mathematician and writer
Amy Jade Winehouse Amy Jade Winehouse 1983 - 2011 Singer and songwriter
Isabella of France Isabella of France 1295 - 1358 Queen consort of England and regent of England
James Stuart James Stuart 1633 - 1701 King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1685
Diana Rigg Diana Rigg 1938 - 2020 Actress of stage and screen
Joe Cocker Joe Cocker 1944 - 2014 Blues-rock singer, songwriter, and musician
Rifat Chadirji Rifat Chadirji 1926 - 2020 Father of modern Iraqi architecture
Cilla Black Cilla Black 1943 - 2015 Singer and television presenter
Elizabeth Taylor Elizabeth Taylor 1932 - 2011 movie star and AIDS activist
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Top 10 Died Influential People

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  • 1. William Shakespeare

    Died: 1616 A.D
    Slogan: The rest is silence.

    William Shakespeare was a renowned English poet, playwright, and actor born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. His birthday is most commonly celebrated on 23 April (see When was Shakespeare born ), which is also believed to be the date he died in 1616. Shakespeare was a prolific writer during the Elizabethan and Jacobean ages of British theatre (sometimes called the English Renaissance or the Early Modern Period). Shakespeare’s plays are perhaps his most enduring legacy, but they are not all he wrote. Shakespeare’s poems also remain popular to this day. Shakespeare's family were granted a coat of arms in 1596: it is thought that it was the influence of William Shakespeare that brought that about. It is likely that both William Shakespeare’s parents – John and Mary – were illiterate. John used a pair of glover’s compasses as his signature and Mary used a running horse. Shakespeare produced most of his known works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the best works produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, all considered to be among the finest works in the English language. In the last phase of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. However, in 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a more definitive text known as the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Jonson, a former rival of Shakespeare, that hailed Shakespeare with the now famous epithet: not of an age, but for all time.

    William Shakespeare Profile

  • 2. Sir Isaac Newton

    Died: 1727 A.D
    Slogan: I can calculate the motion of heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people.

    Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time. He was born on December 25, 1642, at Woolsthorpe Manor in Lincolnshire, England. Newton made significant contributions to the fields of physics and mathematics, including his laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation. His groundbreaking work laid the foundation for classical mechanics and revolutionized our understanding of the physical world. Newton's most famous work, "Principia Mathematica," published in 1687, presented his laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. He passed away on March 20, 1727, and was laid to rest in Westminster Abbey in London, England. Newton's discoveries and theories continue to shape our understanding of the universe and have had a profound impact on scientific progress.Sir Isaac Newton was a brilliant physicist and mathematician who revolutionized our understanding of the universe with his laws of motion and universal gravitation. He was also an astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher. He was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment that followed12 Some of his most notable discoveries and inventions are: The three laws of motion, which describe how objects move under the influence of forces. These laws are the basis of classical mechanics, which can explain many phenomena such as the motion of planets, projectiles, pendulums, and collisions12 The law of universal gravitation, which states that every mass attracts every other mass with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This law can account for the orbits of celestial bodies, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes, and other phenomena12 The invention of calculus, a branch of mathematics that deals with functions, limits, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Calculus is essential for studying the rates of change and areas under curves, as well as for solving many problems in physics, engineering, economics, and other fields. Newton developed calculus independently from German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who published his version earlier. The two men had a bitter dispute over the priority and credit for this invention12 The discovery of the nature of light and color, which he demonstrated by using a prism to split white light into its constituent colors. He also invented the reflecting telescope, which uses mirrors instead of lenses to produce clearer images. He wrote a book called Opticks, in which he explained his theories and experiments on light, color, diffraction, refraction, reflection, and polarization12 The study of alchemy, which was a pseudoscientific practice that aimed to transform base metals into gold and to discover the elixir of life. Newton was fascinated by alchemy and spent many years researching and experimenting with various substances and processes. He also wrote many manuscripts on alchemy, which were kept secret until after his death. Some historians believe that his exposure to mercury and other chemicals may have affected his health and mental stability1

    Sir Isaac Newton Profile

  • 3. Elizabeth Alexandra Mary

    Died: 2022 A.D
    Slogan:

    The Queen of the Kingdom of Great Britain and other Commonwealth territories

    Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Profile

  • 4. Isambard Kingdom Brunel

    Died: 1859 A.D
    Slogan: I am opposed to the laying down of rules or conditions to be observed in the construction of bridge

    Isambard Kingdom Brunel was one of the most influential and innovative engineers of the 19th century. He was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England on 9 April 1806, the only son of Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, a French engineer and inventor, and Sophia Kingdom, an English woman. He was educated by his father and learned drawing, geometry, and engineering principles from an early age. He also became fluent in French and English. At the age of 14, he was sent to France to study at the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, where he excelled in mathematics and science. He returned to England in 1822 and joined his father in working on the Thames Tunnel, the first tunnel to run under a river. He became the resident engineer of the project in 1825 and was responsible for overseeing the construction and dealing with the frequent floods and accidents. He was seriously injured in 1828 when the tunnel was flooded and he was trapped for hours. He recovered and continued to work on the tunnel until it was completed in 1843. While working on the tunnel, Brunel also designed and built other engineering works, such as the Clifton Suspension Bridge over the Avon Gorge in Bristol, which was completed after his death, and the Bristol Docks, which improved the port facilities and trade. In 1833, he was appointed as the chief engineer of the Great Western Railway (GWR), which aimed to connect London and Bristol by rail. He designed and constructed the railway line, using a broad gauge of 7 feet (2.14 meters) instead of the standard gauge of 4 feet 8.5 inches (1.435 meters), which he believed would allow higher speeds and greater comfort. He also built many bridges, viaducts, and tunnels along the route, such as the Box Tunnel, the Maidenhead Railway Bridge, and the Royal Albert Bridge. He extended the GWR to South Wales and the West Country, and proposed to link it to North America by building steamships. Brunel was also a pioneer in marine engineering and shipbuilding. He designed and built three steamships that revolutionized naval transportation: the SS Great Western, the first purpose-built transatlantic steamship, which made its maiden voyage in 1838; the SS Great Britain, the first iron-hulled and propeller-driven steamship, which was launched in 1843 and was the largest ship in the world at the time; and the SS Great Eastern, the largest ship ever built until the 20th century, which was launched in 1858 and had a capacity of 4,000 passengers. Brunel also contributed to the Crimean War by designing the Renkioi Hospital, a prefabricated modular hospital that could be transported and assembled quickly. Brunel was a visionary and a perfectionist, who often faced challenges and criticisms from his contemporaries and the public. He was also a workaholic, who devoted his life to his engineering projects and neglected his health and family. He married Mary Elizabeth Horsley in 1836 and had three children, two of whom became engineers as well. He suffered from various illnesses and injuries throughout his life, and died of a stroke on 15 September 1859, at the age of 53, shortly after the launch of the Great Eastern. He was buried in the family vault at Kensal Green Cemetery in London. He was widely mourned and celebrated as one of the greatest engineers of his era and of all time. He left behind a legacy of engineering achievements that are still admired and used today.

    Isambard Kingdom Brunel Profile

  • 5. Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill

    Died: 1965 A.D
    Slogan: Never give in.

    Winston Churchill was one of the most influential figures of the 20th century. He was born into a noble family and had a privileged upbringing. He joined the British Army as a young man and served in India, Sudan, and South Africa. He also pursued a career in journalism and writing, becoming a prolific author of books and articles. He entered politics in 1900 as a Conservative member of parliament, but later switched to the Liberal Party. He held various cabinet positions, including First Lord of the Admiralty, Home Secretary, and Chancellor of the Exchequer. He was a vocal critic of appeasement and warned of the threat of Nazi Germany. In 1940, he became Prime Minister and led Britain through the darkest days of World War II. He formed a close alliance with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin and played a key role in shaping the post-war world order. He was also a gifted orator and inspired millions with his speeches. He coined the term “Iron Curtain” to describe the division of Europe after the war. He lost the 1945 election but returned to power in 1951. He suffered a stroke in 1953 but continued to serve until 1955. He remained active in public life until his death in 1965 at the age of 90. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his writings and speeches. He was also granted honorary citizenship of the United States by President John F. Kennedy in 1963. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest leaders of all time and a symbol of courage and resilience.123

    Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill Profile

  • 6. Elizabeth I

    Died: 1603 A.D
    Slogan: I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king.

    Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Elizabeth was the last monarch of the House of Tudor and is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". Elizabeth was the only surviving daughter of Henry VIII by Anne Boleyn, his second wife, who was executed when Elizabeth was two years old. Anne's marriage to Henry was annulled, and Elizabeth declared illegitimate. Henry restored her to the line of succession when she was ten, via the Third Succession Act 1543. After Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother Edward VI ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a Protestant cousin, Lady Jane Grey and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the Catholic Mary and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statutes to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside within weeks of his death and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels. Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel.[b] She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement was to evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, James VI of Scotland, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots; this laid the foundation for the Kingdom of Great Britain. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been.[3] One of her mottoes was video et taceo ("I see and keep silent"). In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope declared her illegitimate in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by Francis Walsingham. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain. As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her virginity. A cult of personality grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. Elizabeth's reign became known as the Elizabethan era. The period is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, and for the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her fair share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer ("Gloriana") and a dogged survivor ("Good Queen Bess") in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. After the short, disastrous reigns of her siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped to forge a sense of national identity

    Elizabeth I Profile

  • 7. John Winston Ono Lennon

    Died: 1980 A.D
    Slogan: You may say I’m a dreamer, but I’m not the only one.

    John Lennon was one of the most influential and iconic figures of the 20th century. He rose to fame as a co-leader, co-songwriter, and co-vocalist of the Beatles, the most successful and popular band in the history of music. He also had a successful solo career, producing albums such as Imagine, Plastic Ono Band, and Double Fantasy. He was known for his experimental and innovative style, blending rock, pop, folk, and avant-garde elements. He also used his music as a platform for social and political activism, advocating for peace, human rights, and anti-war causes. He collaborated with his second wife, Yoko Ono, on many artistic and musical projects, as well as public demonstrations such as the Bed-Ins for Peace. He was a controversial figure, often criticized for his views on religion, drugs, and politics. He was also a devoted father to his two sons, Julian and Sean, whom he loved dearly. He was tragically murdered by a deranged fan, Mark David Chapman, on December 8, 1980, outside his apartment building in New York City. He was 40 years old. His death shocked and saddened millions of people around the world, who mourned the loss of a great artist and a visionary leader. His legacy lives on through his music, his writings, his drawings, and his influence on generations of artists and activists. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest singers and songwriters of all time, and one of the most important figures of the 20th century.

    John Winston Ono Lennon Profile

  • 8. Guy Fawkes

    Died: 1606 A.D
    Slogan: Remember, remember the fifth of November

    Guy Fawkes was a member of a group of English Catholics who planned to assassinate King James I and restore a Catholic monarch to the throne. The plot involved blowing up the House of Lords during the opening of Parliament on November 5, 1605. Fawkes was in charge of guarding the barrels of gunpowder that were placed in the cellar of the Parliament building. However, he was arrested on the night of November 4, after an anonymous letter tipped off the authorities. Fawkes was tortured and confessed to the plot, implicating his co-conspirators. He was tried and convicted of treason and sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered. On the day of his execution, January 31, 1606, he jumped from the scaffold and broke his neck, avoiding the gruesome fate. His body was still mutilated and his remains were dispersed to different parts of the country. Fawkes became a symbol of the Gunpowder Plot, which is commemorated every year on November 5, also known as Guy Fawkes Day or Bonfire Night. On this day, people light bonfires and fireworks, and burn effigies of Fawkes, also known as “guys”. Fawkes is also associated with the mask of his face, which has become a popular icon of protest movements, such as Anonymous and Occupy.

    Guy Fawkes Profile

  • 9. Charles Robert Darwin

    Died: 1882 A.D
    Slogan: There is grandeur in this view of life

    Charles Robert Darwin was a British naturalist, geologist and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. He was born on 12 February 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, the fifth child of Robert Darwin, a wealthy doctor and financier, and Susannah Wedgwood, the daughter of the famous potter Josiah Wedgwood. He had six siblings, three of whom died in childhood. Darwin developed an early interest in natural history and collected specimens from his father’s garden and nearby fields. He attended Shrewsbury School and then Edinburgh University, where he studied medicine but found it boring and gruesome. He then went to Christ’s College, Cambridge, where he intended to become a clergyman but was more fascinated by botany and geology. He became friends with John Stevens Henslow, a professor of botany, who recommended him for a position as a naturalist on HMS Beagle, a survey ship that was about to embark on a five-year voyage around the world. The voyage of the Beagle proved to be a turning point in Darwin’s life and career. He collected thousands of specimens of plants, animals and fossils from various regions and islands, and observed the diversity and adaptation of life forms to different environments. He also read books on geology, such as Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology, which influenced his views on the gradual and uniform change of the earth’s surface over long periods of time. He began to formulate his own ideas on the origin and variation of species, which he later called natural selection. After returning from the voyage in 1836, Darwin settled in London and married his cousin Emma Wedgwood in 1839. They moved to Down House in Kent, where they raised ten children. Darwin devoted himself to studying and writing about his findings from the voyage and other topics in natural history. He published several books and papers, such as The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (1838-1843), The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (1842), The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilised by Insects (1862), The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (1868), The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). However, his most famous and influential work was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859), which presented his theory of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for the diversity and adaptation of life on earth. He wrote this book after receiving a letter from Alfred Russel Wallace, a naturalist who had independently arrived at a similar idea while working in Southeast Asia. Darwin and Wallace jointly presented their papers on natural selection to the Linnean Society of London in 1858, but Darwin’s book gave a more detailed and comprehensive account of his evidence and arguments. Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection was controversial at the time, as it challenged the prevailing views on the creation and fixity of species based on biblical accounts and natural theology. It also had implications for human origins and social issues such as race, class and morality. Darwin faced criticism and opposition from some religious authorities, scientists and public figures, but also received support and admiration from many others who recognised the significance and validity of his work. He continued to refine and expand his theory in his later publications and correspondence with other scientists. Darwin suffered from various health problems throughout his life, which he attributed to overwork and stress. He died of heart failure on 19 April 1882 at Down House, at the age of 73. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, near the grave of Sir Isaac Newton, as a mark of honour and respect for his contributions to science and humanity. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in human history and the father of modern evolutionary biology.

    Charles Robert Darwin Profile

  • 10. Horatio Nelson

    Died: 1805 A.D
    Slogan: England expects that every man will do his duty

    Horatio Nelson was one of the most celebrated and influential naval heroes in British history. He rose from a humble background to become a vice admiral and a viscount, and he won several decisive battles against the French during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He was known for his inspirational leadership, his tactical genius, and his personal courage. He was also notorious for his scandalous affair with Emma Hamilton, the wife of a British ambassador. Nelson was born in a rectory in Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, on 29 September 1758. He was the sixth of eleven children of the Reverend Edmund Nelson and his wife Catherine. His mother, who died when he was nine years old, was a grandniece of Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. Nelson joined the navy at the age of 12, through the influence of his uncle, Maurice Suckling, a high-ranking naval officer. He served in various ships and stations, and saw action in the West Indies, the Baltic, and Canada. He became a captain at the age of 20, in 1778. Nelson’s naval career took off during the French Revolutionary Wars, which began in 1793. He was given command of the 64-gun HMS Agamemnon, and served in the Mediterranean. He fought in several engagements off Toulon and Corsica, where he lost sight in his right eye after being wounded by debris. He also took part in diplomatic missions with the Italian states. In 1797, he distinguished himself at the Battle of Cape St Vincent, where he boarded two Spanish ships and captured them. Later that year, he led an unsuccessful attack on Santa Cruz de Tenerife, where he lost his right arm and was forced to return to England to recover. The following year, Nelson achieved his greatest victory at the Battle of the Nile, where he destroyed most of the French fleet anchored in Aboukir Bay, Egypt. This battle secured British control of the Mediterranean and cut off Napoleon’s army in Egypt. Nelson became a national hero and was made a baron by King George III. He also began his affair with Emma Hamilton, who was married to Sir William Hamilton, the British ambassador to Naples. Nelson and Emma had a daughter, Horatia, who was born in 1801. In 1801, Nelson was promoted to vice admiral and sent to the Baltic Sea to join a coalition against Denmark, Russia, Sweden, and Prussia. He commanded the British fleet at the Battle of Copenhagen, where he ignored a signal from his superior to disengage and continued to bombard the Danish ships until they surrendered. He was made a viscount for this victory and returned to England. In 1803, war broke out again between Britain and France. Nelson was given command of the blockade of Toulon, where the French and Spanish fleets were based. In 1805, he chased them across the Atlantic and back, but failed to bring them to battle. He finally intercepted them off Cape Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. He devised an innovative plan to attack them in two columns perpendicular to their line of battle. The Battle of Trafalgar was a crushing defeat for the Franco-Spanish fleet, which lost 22 ships without losing a single British vessel. It also ensured British naval supremacy for the rest of the war. However, Nelson paid a high price for his victory. He was shot by a French sniper while pacing the quarterdeck of his flagship HMS Victory. The bullet struck him in the left shoulder and lodged in his spine, causing a fatal wound. He was carried below deck and died after three hours, having learned from his friend and flag captain Thomas Hardy that the battle was won. His last words were "Thank God I have done my duty". Nelson’s body was preserved in a cask of brandy and brought back to England. He was given a state funeral and buried in St Paul’s Cathedral, where his tomb is still visited by admirers. Nelson’s death at Trafalgar secured his position as one of Britain’s most heroic figures. His legacy is commemorated by numerous monuments, including Nelson’s Column in Trafalgar Square, London, and the Nelson Monument in Edinburgh. His signal before the battle, "England expects that every man will do his duty", is often quoted and paraphrased. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest naval commanders in history.

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