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James Charles Stuart James Charles Stuart 1566 - 1625 King of England and Scotland,
Zygmunt Bauman Zygmunt Bauman 1925 - 2017 Sociologist and philosopher
Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister 1948 - 2010 Fuji music pioneer
Rudyard Kipling Rudyard Kipling 1865 - 1936 Writer and poet, author of The Jungle Book and Kim
Ernest Henry Shackleton Ernest Henry Shackleton 1874 - 1922 Antarctic explorer
Edward I Plantagenet Edward I Plantagenet 1239 - 1307 King of England and founder
Maurice Gibb Maurice Gibb 1949 - 2003 Singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist
Thomas Patrick McKenna Thomas Patrick McKenna 1929 - 2011 Character actor
Thurstan of Bayeux Thurstan of Bayeux 1070 - 1140 Archbishop of York
Andrzej Panufnik Andrzej Panufnik 1914 - 1991 Composer and conductor
Robert Ian Hamilton Robert Ian Hamilton 1938 - 2001 Poet, critic, editor and biographer
Yinka Craig Yinka Craig 1948 - 2008 Sports commentator and analyst
William Tyndale William Tyndale 1494 - 1536 Biblical translator and Protestant reformer
Ali Sastroamidjojo Ali Sastroamidjojo 1903 - 1975 Prime Minister of Indonesia
Sean O'Casey Sean O'Casey 1880 - 1964 Dramatist and memoirist
Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn 1500 - 1536 Queen of England and second wife of Henry VIII
Sarah Millicent Hermione Touchet-Jesson Sarah Millicent Hermione Touchet-Jesson 1914 - 1982 Actress and dancer
Samuel Benfield Steele Samuel Benfield Steele 1849 - 1919 Mountie and Military Leader
Catherine of Aragon Catherine of Aragon 1485 - 1536 First wife of Henry VIII and Queen of England
Christine McVie Christine McVie 1943 - 2022 Member of Fleetwood Mac and Chicken Shack
Olivia Newton-John Olivia Newton-John 1948 - 2022 Singer of pop and country songs
Martin O'Hagan Martin O'Hagan 1950 - 2001 Investigative journalist
Stella Bowen Stella Bowen 1893 - 1947 Impressionist painter and war artist
Mohamed Makiya Mohamed Makiya 1914 - 2015 Founder of Iraq's first department of architecture
Princess Alice of Battenberg Princess Alice of Battenberg 1885 - 1969 Mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Richard Samuel Attenborough Richard Samuel Attenborough 1923 - 2014 Actor, director, producer and Academy Award winner
Marian Hemar Marian Hemar 1901 - 1972 Writer, songwriter, journalist
Tomasz Arciszewski Tomasz Arciszewski 1877 - 1955 Prime Minister of Poland in exile
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu 1933 - 2011 President of Biafra
King Arthur King Arthur 5 - 6 Leader
William Herschel William Herschel 1738 - 1822 Founder of sidereal astronomy
John Cornelius O'Callaghan John Cornelius O'Callaghan 1805 - 1883 Historian and journalist
Nick Cave Nick Cave 1957 - 2021 musician, writer, and actor
Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte 1769 - 1821
Paula Rego Paula Rego 1935 - 2022 Painter and printmaker
John Keats John Keats 1795 - 1821 Poet
Charles Stuart Charles Stuart 1600 - 1649 Monarch who ruled with absolute power
Michal Bergson Michal Bergson 1820 - 1898 Composer and pianist
Davy Jones Davy Jones 1945 - 2012 Lead singer of The Monkees
Anina Kirstina Margarete Petra Jensen Anina Kirstina Margarete Petra Jensen 1878 - 1970 Ballet dancer
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 1719 - 1772 Princess of Wales
Michael Marks Michael Marks 1859 - 1907 Co-founder of Marks & Spencer
Remi Oyo Remi Oyo 1952 - 2014 Journalist and presidential spokesperson
George-Etienne Cartier George-Etienne Cartier 1814 - 1873 Father of Confederation
Richard Harris Richard Harris 1930 - 2002 actor and singer
Olivia de Havilland Olivia de Havilland 1916 - 2020 Actress of Hollywood’s Golden Age
Billy Fury Billy Fury 1940 - 1983 Rock and roll singer
Mary Anne Evans Mary Anne Evans 1819 - 1880 Novelist and poet
Jozef Haller Jozef Haller 1873 - 1960 Lieutenant general of the Polish Army
Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 1792 - 1849 Queen consort of the United Kingdom and Hanover
Charles Babbage Charles Babbage 1791 - 1871 Originator of the concept a programmable computer
Deven Verma Deven Verma 1937 - 2014 Actor, director and producer of Hindi cinema
Donald Bennett Donald Bennett 1910 - 1986 Aviation pioneer and bomber pilot
John Henry Bonham John Henry Bonham 1948 - 1980 Drummer of Led Zeppelin
Leonard Warren Murray Leonard Warren Murray 1896 - 1971 Naval Officer
Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten 1900 - 1979 Naval commander, last Viceroy of India
William IV William IV 1765 - 1837 King of the United Kingdom and Hanover
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson Charles Lutwidge Dodgson 1832 - 1898 Author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
William Maxwell Aitken William Maxwell Aitken 1879 - 1964 Newspaper publisher and politician
Oliver Goldsmith Oliver Goldsmith 1730 - 1774 Novelist, playwright, poet
Abdul Razak Hussein Abdul Razak Hussein 1922 - 1976 Prime Minister of Malaysia
Elizabeth I Elizabeth I 1533 - 1603 Queen of England, Elizabethan era
Edward Albert Christian George Edward Albert Christian George 1894 - 1972 King of the United Kingdom
Honor Blackman Honor Blackman 1925 - 2020 Actress and singer
Elizabeth of York Elizabeth of York 1466 - 1503 Queen consort of England
Roy Herbert Thomson Roy Herbert Thomson 1894 - 1976 Founder of Thomson Corporation
Harry Brogan Harry Brogan 1904 - 1979 Actor
Clive James Clive James 1939 - 2019 Writing literary criticism, television reviews
Adeline genee Adeline genee 1878 - 1970 Ballet dancer
Henry VIII of England Henry VIII of England 1491 - 1547 King of England and head of the Church of England
Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer 1343 - 1400 Poet
Juan de la Cierva Juan de la Cierva 1895 - 1936 Aeronautical engineer inventor of the autogiro
Empress Matilda Empress Matilda 1102 - 1167 Claimant to the English throne during the Anarchy
Yusuf Idris Yusuf Idris 1927 - 1991 Writer and playwright
Mustapha Karkouti Mustapha Karkouti 1943 - 2020 Journalist and media consultant
Albert Speer Albert Speer 1905 - 1981 Minister of Armaments and War Production in Nazi
Joe Cocker Joe Cocker 1944 - 2014 Blues-rock singer, songwriter, and musician
John Hurt John Hurt 1940 - 2017 Actor and voice actor
George Constantinescu George Constantinescu 1881 - 1965 Scientist, Engineer, Inventor
Mary Wollstonecraft Mary Wollstonecraft 1759 - 1797 Pioneering researcher in atomic
Roddy McDowall Roddy McDowall 1928 - 1998 Actor in Planet of the Apes and Cleopatra
George Elton Mayo George Elton Mayo 1880 - 1949 Psychologist and sociologist
Charlotte Augusta Matilda Charlotte Augusta Matilda 1766 - 1828 Princess Royal and Queen consort of Württemberg
Elizabeth Woodville Elizabeth Woodville 1437 - 1492 Queen consort of Edward IV and mother of Edward V
Edward VII Edward VII 1841 - 1910 King of the United Kingdom and British Dominions
Frances Ruth Shand Kydd Frances Ruth Shand Kydd 1936 - 2004 Aristocrat and socialite
Yehudi Menuhin Yehudi Menuhin 1916 - 1999 violinist and conductor
Nazia Hassan Nazia Hassan 1965 - 2000 Pop singer and songwriter
Nathan Mayer Rothschild Nathan Mayer Rothschild 1777 - 1836 Founder of the English branch
Arthur Ernest Percival Arthur Ernest Percival 1887 - 1966 British Army officer
Thomas Paine Thomas Paine 1737 - 1809 Political pamphleteer and activist
James David Graham Niven James David Graham Niven 1910 - 1983 Actor and founder of the Rat Pack
Douglas Bader Douglas Bader 1910 - 1982 Royal Air Force flying Second World War
Pat Kirkwood Pat Kirkwood 1921 - 2007 Stage actress, singer and dancer
Jack Britto Jack Britto 1926 - 2013 Cricketer
William Donald Hamilton William Donald Hamilton 1936 - 2000 Evolutionary theorist
Conchita Supervia Conchita Supervia 1895 - 1936 Opera singer and recitalist
Harold Wilson Harold Wilson 1916 - 1995 Labour Party leader and Prime Minister
Elizabeth Taylor Elizabeth Taylor 1932 - 2011 movie star and AIDS activist
Mamdouh Salem Mamdouh Salem 1918 - 1988 Prime Minister of Egypt
Cheryl Barrymore Cheryl Barrymore 1950 - 2005 Dancer and talent manager
Rifat Chadirji Rifat Chadirji 1926 - 2020 Father of modern Iraqi architecture
Alexandra of Yugoslavia Alexandra of Yugoslavia 1921 - 1993 Queen consort of Yugoslavia
Andrzej Ciechanowiecki Andrzej Ciechanowiecki 1924 - 2015 Art historian, art dealer, antique dealer
Denis Johnston Denis Johnston 1901 - 1984 Playwright and war correspondent
George Berkeley George Berkeley 1685 - 1753 Philosopher and scientist
Thomas Edward Lawrence Thomas Edward Lawrence 1888 - 1935 Archaeologist and military officer
Mary Stuart Mary Stuart 1542 - 1587 Queen of Scotland and France
Jill Bennett Jill Bennett 1931 - 1990 Actress
Richard Brinsley Sheridan Richard Brinsley Sheridan 1751 - 1816 Playwright, orator, and Whig politician
Charles Robert Darwin Charles Robert Darwin 1809 - 1882 Naturalist, geologist, biologist
William Trevor William Trevor 1928 - 2016 Novelist and short story writer
Caroline Flack Caroline Flack 1979 - 2020 TV presenter
Walter Wilson Froggatt Walter Wilson Froggatt 1858 - 1937 Entomologist and author of Australian Insects
Ibrahim Al-Masyhur Ibni Ibrahim Al-Masyhur Ibni 1873 - 1959 Sultan of Johor
Guy Fawkes Guy Fawkes 1570 - 1606 Conspirator
Sir Arthur Charles Clarke Sir Arthur Charles Clarke 1917 - 2008 Science fiction writer, science writer, inventor
Beatrix Potter Beatrix Potter 1866 - 1943 Children's author and illustrator
Birabongse Bhanudej Birabongse Bhanudej 1914 - 1985 Racing Driver
Roald Dahl Roald Dahl 1916 - 1990 Author of children’s books and short stories
Charlie Watts Charlie Watts 1941 - 2021 Drummer, songwriter, record producer
Keith John Moon Keith John Moon 1946 - 1978 Drummer for the rock band
Virginia Woolf Virginia Woolf 1882 - 1941 Novelist, essayist, publisher, critic
Safa Khulusi Safa Khulusi 1917 - 1995 Scholar of modern Iraqi literature
Alfred Hitchcock Alfred Hitchcock 1899 - 1980 Film director, producer, and screenwriter
Michael Somes Michael Somes 1917 - 1994 Principal dancer of The Royal Ballet
David Bowie David Bowie 1947 - 2016 Singer, songwriter, producer and actor
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 1900 - 2002 Queen
Ferdynand Goetel Ferdynand Goetel 1890 - 1960 Novelist, playwright, essayist, screenwriter
Horatio Nelson Horatio Nelson 1758 - 1805 Naval commander
Abdul Haris Nasution Abdul Haris Nasution 1918 - 2000 Commander of the Indonesian National Armed
Ginger Baker Ginger Baker 1939 - 2019 Drummer of Cream,and Ginger Baker's Air Force
Ronald Ernest Aitchison Ronald Ernest Aitchison 1921 - 1996 Physicist and electronics engineer
Chatichai Choonhavan Chatichai Choonhavan 1920 - 1998 Politician, Diplomat
Laurence Olivier Laurence Olivier 1907 - 1989 Actor and director
Alec Guinness Alec Guinness 1914 - 2000 Actor of stage and screen
Agatha Christie Agatha Christie 1890 - 1976 Author of detective novels and short stories
Dinu Patriciu Dinu Patriciu 1950 - 2014 Businessman, Politician, Architect
Richard Dawson Richard Dawson 1932 - 2012 Actor, comedian, game show host, and panelist
Alexandrina Victoria Alexandrina Victoria 1819 - 1901 Longest-reigning monarch in British history
Masood Fakhri Masood Fakhri 1932 - 2016 Left winger for East Bengal, Mohammedan
Luise Rainer Luise Rainer 1910 - 2014 Film actress
Aldous Leonard Huxley Aldous Leonard Huxley 1894 - 1963 Author of Brave New World and other novels
Jenny von Westphalen Jenny von Westphalen 1814 - 1881 Theatre critic and political activist
Mary Shelley Mary Shelley 1797 - 1851 Novelist, editor, biographer
Clive Staples Lewis Clive Staples Lewis 1898 - 1963 Author
John Logie Baird John Logie Baird 1888 - 1946 Inventor and engineer of the mechanical television
Michael Faraday Michael Faraday 1791 - 1867 Physicist and chemist
Walter Raleigh Walter Raleigh 1552 - 1618 Explorer, soldier, writer, and statesman
Napoleon III Napoleon III 1808 - 1873 Emperor of the French
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Top 10 Died Influential People

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  • 1. William Shakespeare

    Died: 1616 A.D
    Slogan: The rest is silence.

    William Shakespeare was a renowned English poet, playwright, and actor born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. His birthday is most commonly celebrated on 23 April (see When was Shakespeare born ), which is also believed to be the date he died in 1616. Shakespeare was a prolific writer during the Elizabethan and Jacobean ages of British theatre (sometimes called the English Renaissance or the Early Modern Period). Shakespeare’s plays are perhaps his most enduring legacy, but they are not all he wrote. Shakespeare’s poems also remain popular to this day. Shakespeare's family were granted a coat of arms in 1596: it is thought that it was the influence of William Shakespeare that brought that about. It is likely that both William Shakespeare’s parents – John and Mary – were illiterate. John used a pair of glover’s compasses as his signature and Mary used a running horse. Shakespeare produced most of his known works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the best works produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, all considered to be among the finest works in the English language. In the last phase of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. However, in 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a more definitive text known as the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Jonson, a former rival of Shakespeare, that hailed Shakespeare with the now famous epithet: not of an age, but for all time.

    William Shakespeare Profile

  • 2. Sir Isaac Newton

    Died: 1727 A.D
    Slogan: I can calculate the motion of heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people.

    Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time. He was born on December 25, 1642, at Woolsthorpe Manor in Lincolnshire, England. Newton made significant contributions to the fields of physics and mathematics, including his laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation. His groundbreaking work laid the foundation for classical mechanics and revolutionized our understanding of the physical world. Newton's most famous work, "Principia Mathematica," published in 1687, presented his laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. He passed away on March 20, 1727, and was laid to rest in Westminster Abbey in London, England. Newton's discoveries and theories continue to shape our understanding of the universe and have had a profound impact on scientific progress.Sir Isaac Newton was a brilliant physicist and mathematician who revolutionized our understanding of the universe with his laws of motion and universal gravitation. He was also an astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher. He was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment that followed12 Some of his most notable discoveries and inventions are: The three laws of motion, which describe how objects move under the influence of forces. These laws are the basis of classical mechanics, which can explain many phenomena such as the motion of planets, projectiles, pendulums, and collisions12 The law of universal gravitation, which states that every mass attracts every other mass with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This law can account for the orbits of celestial bodies, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes, and other phenomena12 The invention of calculus, a branch of mathematics that deals with functions, limits, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Calculus is essential for studying the rates of change and areas under curves, as well as for solving many problems in physics, engineering, economics, and other fields. Newton developed calculus independently from German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who published his version earlier. The two men had a bitter dispute over the priority and credit for this invention12 The discovery of the nature of light and color, which he demonstrated by using a prism to split white light into its constituent colors. He also invented the reflecting telescope, which uses mirrors instead of lenses to produce clearer images. He wrote a book called Opticks, in which he explained his theories and experiments on light, color, diffraction, refraction, reflection, and polarization12 The study of alchemy, which was a pseudoscientific practice that aimed to transform base metals into gold and to discover the elixir of life. Newton was fascinated by alchemy and spent many years researching and experimenting with various substances and processes. He also wrote many manuscripts on alchemy, which were kept secret until after his death. Some historians believe that his exposure to mercury and other chemicals may have affected his health and mental stability1

    Sir Isaac Newton Profile

  • 3. Elizabeth Alexandra Mary

    Died: 2022 A.D
    Slogan:

    The Queen of the Kingdom of Great Britain and other Commonwealth territories

    Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Profile

  • 4. Isambard Kingdom Brunel

    Died: 1859 A.D
    Slogan: I am opposed to the laying down of rules or conditions to be observed in the construction of bridge

    Isambard Kingdom Brunel was one of the most influential and innovative engineers of the 19th century. He was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England on 9 April 1806, the only son of Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, a French engineer and inventor, and Sophia Kingdom, an English woman. He was educated by his father and learned drawing, geometry, and engineering principles from an early age. He also became fluent in French and English. At the age of 14, he was sent to France to study at the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, where he excelled in mathematics and science. He returned to England in 1822 and joined his father in working on the Thames Tunnel, the first tunnel to run under a river. He became the resident engineer of the project in 1825 and was responsible for overseeing the construction and dealing with the frequent floods and accidents. He was seriously injured in 1828 when the tunnel was flooded and he was trapped for hours. He recovered and continued to work on the tunnel until it was completed in 1843. While working on the tunnel, Brunel also designed and built other engineering works, such as the Clifton Suspension Bridge over the Avon Gorge in Bristol, which was completed after his death, and the Bristol Docks, which improved the port facilities and trade. In 1833, he was appointed as the chief engineer of the Great Western Railway (GWR), which aimed to connect London and Bristol by rail. He designed and constructed the railway line, using a broad gauge of 7 feet (2.14 meters) instead of the standard gauge of 4 feet 8.5 inches (1.435 meters), which he believed would allow higher speeds and greater comfort. He also built many bridges, viaducts, and tunnels along the route, such as the Box Tunnel, the Maidenhead Railway Bridge, and the Royal Albert Bridge. He extended the GWR to South Wales and the West Country, and proposed to link it to North America by building steamships. Brunel was also a pioneer in marine engineering and shipbuilding. He designed and built three steamships that revolutionized naval transportation: the SS Great Western, the first purpose-built transatlantic steamship, which made its maiden voyage in 1838; the SS Great Britain, the first iron-hulled and propeller-driven steamship, which was launched in 1843 and was the largest ship in the world at the time; and the SS Great Eastern, the largest ship ever built until the 20th century, which was launched in 1858 and had a capacity of 4,000 passengers. Brunel also contributed to the Crimean War by designing the Renkioi Hospital, a prefabricated modular hospital that could be transported and assembled quickly. Brunel was a visionary and a perfectionist, who often faced challenges and criticisms from his contemporaries and the public. He was also a workaholic, who devoted his life to his engineering projects and neglected his health and family. He married Mary Elizabeth Horsley in 1836 and had three children, two of whom became engineers as well. He suffered from various illnesses and injuries throughout his life, and died of a stroke on 15 September 1859, at the age of 53, shortly after the launch of the Great Eastern. He was buried in the family vault at Kensal Green Cemetery in London. He was widely mourned and celebrated as one of the greatest engineers of his era and of all time. He left behind a legacy of engineering achievements that are still admired and used today.

    Isambard Kingdom Brunel Profile

  • 5. Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill

    Died: 1965 A.D
    Slogan: Never give in.

    Winston Churchill was one of the most influential figures of the 20th century. He was born into a noble family and had a privileged upbringing. He joined the British Army as a young man and served in India, Sudan, and South Africa. He also pursued a career in journalism and writing, becoming a prolific author of books and articles. He entered politics in 1900 as a Conservative member of parliament, but later switched to the Liberal Party. He held various cabinet positions, including First Lord of the Admiralty, Home Secretary, and Chancellor of the Exchequer. He was a vocal critic of appeasement and warned of the threat of Nazi Germany. In 1940, he became Prime Minister and led Britain through the darkest days of World War II. He formed a close alliance with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin and played a key role in shaping the post-war world order. He was also a gifted orator and inspired millions with his speeches. He coined the term “Iron Curtain” to describe the division of Europe after the war. He lost the 1945 election but returned to power in 1951. He suffered a stroke in 1953 but continued to serve until 1955. He remained active in public life until his death in 1965 at the age of 90. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his writings and speeches. He was also granted honorary citizenship of the United States by President John F. Kennedy in 1963. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest leaders of all time and a symbol of courage and resilience.123

    Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill Profile

  • 6. Elizabeth I

    Died: 1603 A.D
    Slogan: I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king.

    Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Elizabeth was the last monarch of the House of Tudor and is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". Elizabeth was the only surviving daughter of Henry VIII by Anne Boleyn, his second wife, who was executed when Elizabeth was two years old. Anne's marriage to Henry was annulled, and Elizabeth declared illegitimate. Henry restored her to the line of succession when she was ten, via the Third Succession Act 1543. After Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother Edward VI ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a Protestant cousin, Lady Jane Grey and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the Catholic Mary and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statutes to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside within weeks of his death and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels. Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel.[b] She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement was to evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, James VI of Scotland, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots; this laid the foundation for the Kingdom of Great Britain. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been.[3] One of her mottoes was video et taceo ("I see and keep silent"). In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope declared her illegitimate in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by Francis Walsingham. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain. As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her virginity. A cult of personality grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. Elizabeth's reign became known as the Elizabethan era. The period is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, and for the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her fair share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer ("Gloriana") and a dogged survivor ("Good Queen Bess") in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. After the short, disastrous reigns of her siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped to forge a sense of national identity

    Elizabeth I Profile

  • 7. John Winston Ono Lennon

    Died: 1980 A.D
    Slogan: You may say I’m a dreamer, but I’m not the only one.

    John Lennon was one of the most influential and iconic figures of the 20th century. He rose to fame as a co-leader, co-songwriter, and co-vocalist of the Beatles, the most successful and popular band in the history of music. He also had a successful solo career, producing albums such as Imagine, Plastic Ono Band, and Double Fantasy. He was known for his experimental and innovative style, blending rock, pop, folk, and avant-garde elements. He also used his music as a platform for social and political activism, advocating for peace, human rights, and anti-war causes. He collaborated with his second wife, Yoko Ono, on many artistic and musical projects, as well as public demonstrations such as the Bed-Ins for Peace. He was a controversial figure, often criticized for his views on religion, drugs, and politics. He was also a devoted father to his two sons, Julian and Sean, whom he loved dearly. He was tragically murdered by a deranged fan, Mark David Chapman, on December 8, 1980, outside his apartment building in New York City. He was 40 years old. His death shocked and saddened millions of people around the world, who mourned the loss of a great artist and a visionary leader. His legacy lives on through his music, his writings, his drawings, and his influence on generations of artists and activists. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest singers and songwriters of all time, and one of the most important figures of the 20th century.

    John Winston Ono Lennon Profile

  • 8. Guy Fawkes

    Died: 1606 A.D
    Slogan: Remember, remember the fifth of November

    Guy Fawkes was a member of a group of English Catholics who planned to assassinate King James I and restore a Catholic monarch to the throne. The plot involved blowing up the House of Lords during the opening of Parliament on November 5, 1605. Fawkes was in charge of guarding the barrels of gunpowder that were placed in the cellar of the Parliament building. However, he was arrested on the night of November 4, after an anonymous letter tipped off the authorities. Fawkes was tortured and confessed to the plot, implicating his co-conspirators. He was tried and convicted of treason and sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered. On the day of his execution, January 31, 1606, he jumped from the scaffold and broke his neck, avoiding the gruesome fate. His body was still mutilated and his remains were dispersed to different parts of the country. Fawkes became a symbol of the Gunpowder Plot, which is commemorated every year on November 5, also known as Guy Fawkes Day or Bonfire Night. On this day, people light bonfires and fireworks, and burn effigies of Fawkes, also known as “guys”. Fawkes is also associated with the mask of his face, which has become a popular icon of protest movements, such as Anonymous and Occupy.

    Guy Fawkes Profile

  • 9. Charles Robert Darwin

    Died: 1882 A.D
    Slogan: There is grandeur in this view of life

    Charles Robert Darwin was a British naturalist, geologist and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. He was born on 12 February 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, the fifth child of Robert Darwin, a wealthy doctor and financier, and Susannah Wedgwood, the daughter of the famous potter Josiah Wedgwood. He had six siblings, three of whom died in childhood. Darwin developed an early interest in natural history and collected specimens from his father’s garden and nearby fields. He attended Shrewsbury School and then Edinburgh University, where he studied medicine but found it boring and gruesome. He then went to Christ’s College, Cambridge, where he intended to become a clergyman but was more fascinated by botany and geology. He became friends with John Stevens Henslow, a professor of botany, who recommended him for a position as a naturalist on HMS Beagle, a survey ship that was about to embark on a five-year voyage around the world. The voyage of the Beagle proved to be a turning point in Darwin’s life and career. He collected thousands of specimens of plants, animals and fossils from various regions and islands, and observed the diversity and adaptation of life forms to different environments. He also read books on geology, such as Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology, which influenced his views on the gradual and uniform change of the earth’s surface over long periods of time. He began to formulate his own ideas on the origin and variation of species, which he later called natural selection. After returning from the voyage in 1836, Darwin settled in London and married his cousin Emma Wedgwood in 1839. They moved to Down House in Kent, where they raised ten children. Darwin devoted himself to studying and writing about his findings from the voyage and other topics in natural history. He published several books and papers, such as The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (1838-1843), The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (1842), The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilised by Insects (1862), The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (1868), The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). However, his most famous and influential work was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859), which presented his theory of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for the diversity and adaptation of life on earth. He wrote this book after receiving a letter from Alfred Russel Wallace, a naturalist who had independently arrived at a similar idea while working in Southeast Asia. Darwin and Wallace jointly presented their papers on natural selection to the Linnean Society of London in 1858, but Darwin’s book gave a more detailed and comprehensive account of his evidence and arguments. Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection was controversial at the time, as it challenged the prevailing views on the creation and fixity of species based on biblical accounts and natural theology. It also had implications for human origins and social issues such as race, class and morality. Darwin faced criticism and opposition from some religious authorities, scientists and public figures, but also received support and admiration from many others who recognised the significance and validity of his work. He continued to refine and expand his theory in his later publications and correspondence with other scientists. Darwin suffered from various health problems throughout his life, which he attributed to overwork and stress. He died of heart failure on 19 April 1882 at Down House, at the age of 73. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, near the grave of Sir Isaac Newton, as a mark of honour and respect for his contributions to science and humanity. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in human history and the father of modern evolutionary biology.

    Charles Robert Darwin Profile

  • 10. Horatio Nelson

    Died: 1805 A.D
    Slogan: England expects that every man will do his duty

    Horatio Nelson was one of the most celebrated and influential naval heroes in British history. He rose from a humble background to become a vice admiral and a viscount, and he won several decisive battles against the French during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He was known for his inspirational leadership, his tactical genius, and his personal courage. He was also notorious for his scandalous affair with Emma Hamilton, the wife of a British ambassador. Nelson was born in a rectory in Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, on 29 September 1758. He was the sixth of eleven children of the Reverend Edmund Nelson and his wife Catherine. His mother, who died when he was nine years old, was a grandniece of Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. Nelson joined the navy at the age of 12, through the influence of his uncle, Maurice Suckling, a high-ranking naval officer. He served in various ships and stations, and saw action in the West Indies, the Baltic, and Canada. He became a captain at the age of 20, in 1778. Nelson’s naval career took off during the French Revolutionary Wars, which began in 1793. He was given command of the 64-gun HMS Agamemnon, and served in the Mediterranean. He fought in several engagements off Toulon and Corsica, where he lost sight in his right eye after being wounded by debris. He also took part in diplomatic missions with the Italian states. In 1797, he distinguished himself at the Battle of Cape St Vincent, where he boarded two Spanish ships and captured them. Later that year, he led an unsuccessful attack on Santa Cruz de Tenerife, where he lost his right arm and was forced to return to England to recover. The following year, Nelson achieved his greatest victory at the Battle of the Nile, where he destroyed most of the French fleet anchored in Aboukir Bay, Egypt. This battle secured British control of the Mediterranean and cut off Napoleon’s army in Egypt. Nelson became a national hero and was made a baron by King George III. He also began his affair with Emma Hamilton, who was married to Sir William Hamilton, the British ambassador to Naples. Nelson and Emma had a daughter, Horatia, who was born in 1801. In 1801, Nelson was promoted to vice admiral and sent to the Baltic Sea to join a coalition against Denmark, Russia, Sweden, and Prussia. He commanded the British fleet at the Battle of Copenhagen, where he ignored a signal from his superior to disengage and continued to bombard the Danish ships until they surrendered. He was made a viscount for this victory and returned to England. In 1803, war broke out again between Britain and France. Nelson was given command of the blockade of Toulon, where the French and Spanish fleets were based. In 1805, he chased them across the Atlantic and back, but failed to bring them to battle. He finally intercepted them off Cape Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. He devised an innovative plan to attack them in two columns perpendicular to their line of battle. The Battle of Trafalgar was a crushing defeat for the Franco-Spanish fleet, which lost 22 ships without losing a single British vessel. It also ensured British naval supremacy for the rest of the war. However, Nelson paid a high price for his victory. He was shot by a French sniper while pacing the quarterdeck of his flagship HMS Victory. The bullet struck him in the left shoulder and lodged in his spine, causing a fatal wound. He was carried below deck and died after three hours, having learned from his friend and flag captain Thomas Hardy that the battle was won. His last words were "Thank God I have done my duty". Nelson’s body was preserved in a cask of brandy and brought back to England. He was given a state funeral and buried in St Paul’s Cathedral, where his tomb is still visited by admirers. Nelson’s death at Trafalgar secured his position as one of Britain’s most heroic figures. His legacy is commemorated by numerous monuments, including Nelson’s Column in Trafalgar Square, London, and the Nelson Monument in Edinburgh. His signal before the battle, "England expects that every man will do his duty", is often quoted and paraphrased. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest naval commanders in history.

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