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Marius Constant Marius Constant 1925 - 2004 Composer, Conductor
Riad al-Turk Riad al-Turk 1930 - 2024 Syrian opposition leader
Peter Chanel Peter Chanel 1803 - 1841 Catholic priest, missionary, and martyr
Kim Lefevre Kim Lefevre 1935 - 2021 Writer, Translator
Mai Trung Thu Mai Trung Thu 1906 - 1980 Painter
Anthony Bourdain Anthony Bourdain 1956 - 2018 American chef and presenter
Antoine de Saint-Exupery Antoine de Saint-Exupery 1900 - 1944 Author of The Little Prince
Georgy Lvov Georgy Lvov 1861 - 1925 Minister-Chairman
Francois Quesnay Francois Quesnay 1694 - 1774 Economist and physician
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci 1452 - 1519 Painting, Engineering, Anatomical studies
Nikolaos Sokrates Politis Nikolaos Sokrates Politis 1872 - 1942 International lawyer, diplomat, scholar
Daniel Carasso Daniel Carasso 1905 - 2009 Founder of Danone and Dannon
Charles William Joseph Emile Le Gendre Charles William Joseph Emile Le Gendre 1830 - 1899 Army officer and diplomat
France Gall France Gall 1947 - 2018 Yé-yé singer and Eurovision winner
Felix Dupanloup Felix Dupanloup 1802 - 1878 Bishop of Orléans, leader of Liberal Catholicism
Marie Bell Marie Bell 1900 - 1985 Tragedian, comic actor, stage director
Virgil Ierunca Virgil Ierunca 1920 - 2006 Literary critic
Alexandre Dumas Alexandre Dumas 1802 - 1870 Historical novels and adventure stories
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque 1783 - 1840 Botanist and zoologist
Johannes Tauler Johannes Tauler 1300 - 1361 Dominican friar and theologian
Henri Arnaud Henri Arnaud 1641 - 1721 Waldensian pastor and military leader
Antoine Lavoisier Antoine Lavoisier 1743 - 1794 Chemist, biologist, economist
Sania Saleh Sania Saleh 1935 - 1985 Poet and writer
Henri Teissier Henri Teissier 1929 - 2020 Bishop of Oran and Archbishop of Algiers
Musidora Musidora 1889 - 1957 Acting in silent film
Henry Norwest Henry Norwest 1881 - 1918 Military Sniper
Leon Walras Leon Walras 1834 - 1910 Mathematical economist and Georgist
Bozidar Kantuser Bozidar Kantuser 1921 - 1999 Composer
Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur 1822 - 1895 Chemist and microbiologist
Vilfredo Pareto Vilfredo Pareto 1848 - 1923 Economist and sociologist
Edme Mariotte Edme Mariotte 1620 - 1684 Experimental physics, pressure law
Pope Stephen IX Pope Stephen IX 1057 - 1158 Head of the Catholic Church
Hugues Felicite Robert de Lamennais Hugues Felicite Robert de Lamennais 1782 - 1854 Catholic priest, philosopher
Voltaire Voltaire 1694 - 1778 Writer, philosopher, historian
Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte 1769 - 1821
Pierre Guillaume Frederic le Play Pierre Guillaume Frederic le Play 1806 - 1882 Sociologist and engineer
Anatoly Lunacharsky Anatoly Lunacharsky 1875 - 1933 First Soviet People's Commissar of Education
Jacques Marquette Jacques Marquette 1637 - 1675 French Jesuit missionary and explorer
Henri de Lubac Henri de Lubac 1896 - 1991 Theologian and priest
Konstantin Somov Konstantin Somov 1869 - 1939 Russian and French painter
Pridi Phanomyong Pridi Phanomyong 1900 - 1983 Prime Minister
Naim Kattan Naim Kattan 1928 - 2021 Novelist, essayist and critic
Peter of Castelnau Peter of Castelnau 1170 - 1208 Cistercian monk and inquisitor
Maria Kwasniewska Maria Kwasniewska 1867 - 1934 Nobel laureate in physics and chemistry
Alina Szapocznikow Alina Szapocznikow 1926 - 1973 Sculptor and graphic artist
Louis III, Cardinal of Guise Louis III, Cardinal of Guise 1575 - 1621 Cardinal, Archbishop of Reims
Jerome-Adolphe Blanqui Jerome-Adolphe Blanqui 1798 - 1854 Economic historian and liberal economist
John Eudes John Eudes 1601 - 1680 Founder of the Congregation of Jesus and Mary
Prince Ali Khan Prince Ali Khan 1911 - 1960 Racehorse owner and diplomat
Prince George of Greece and Denmark Prince George of Greece and Denmark 1869 - 1957 High Commissioner of the Cretan State
Ansgar Ansgar 801 - 865 Missionary and archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen
Jean Baptiste Kleber Jean Baptiste Kleber 1753 - 1800 General of the French Revolutionary Wars
Jean-Baptiste Colbert Jean-Baptiste Colbert 1619 - 1683 minister of finance and navy under Louis XIV
Joseph Marie Terray Joseph Marie Terray 1715 - 1778 Controller-General of Finances
Alexey Bogolyubov Alexey Bogolyubov 1824 - 1896 Painting landscapes and seascapes
Marlene Dietrich Marlene Dietrich 1901 - 1992 Movie star and cabaret performer
Henri de Saint-Simon Henri de Saint-Simon 1760 - 1825 Social reformer and founder of Christian socialism
Sergei Lednev Schukin Sergei Lednev Schukin 1875 - 1961 Painter and stage designer
Henry IV of France Henry IV of France 1553 - 1610 King of France and Navarre
Henri Alekan Henri Alekan 1909 - 2001 Cinematographer of Beauty and the Beast
Valery Jacobi Valery Jacobi 1834 - 1902 Painter of historical and genre scenes
Gregory of Tours Gregory of Tours 538 - 594 Historian and Bishop of Tours
Louis Rene Edouard de Rohan Louis Rene Edouard de Rohan 1734 - 1803 Bishop of Strasbourg, Grand Almoner of France
Josephine Baker Josephine Baker 1906 - 1975 Music-hall entertainer and French Resistance agent
Lasgush Poradeci Lasgush Poradeci 1899 - 1987 Poet and author
Oswald Mosley Oswald Mosley 1896 - 1980 Leader of the British Union of Fascists
Isidore Isou Isidore Isou 1925 - 2007 Poet, Artist
Jules Gabriel Verne Jules Gabriel Verne 1828 - 1905 Writer of science fiction and adventure novels
Jean Paul Sartre Jean Paul Sartre 1905 - 1980
Jean-Baptiste Say Jean-Baptiste Say 1767 - 1832 Political economy, Say's law, entrepreneurship
Urbain Grandier Urbain Grandier 1590 - 1634 Priest and alleged sorcerer
Marquis de Sade Marquis de Sade 1740 - 1814 Libertine novelist and political activist
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim 1486 - 1535 Occult writer, theologian, physician
Pierre Guerin de Tencin Pierre Guerin de Tencin 1679 - 1758 Cardinal, archbishop of Lyon, and anti-Jansenist
Andre Coindre Andre Coindre 1787 - 1826 Founder of the Brothers of the Sacred Heart
Robert of Geneva Robert of Geneva 1342 - 1394 Antipope of Avignon
John XXII John XXII 1244 - 1334 Pope and theologian
Elvira Popescu Elvira Popescu 1894 - 1993 Actress
Alice Guy-Blache Alice Guy-Blache 1873 - 1968 Pioneer of the French and American film industries
Isaac Manuel Francisco Albeniz y Pascual Isaac Manuel Francisco Albeniz y Pascual 1860 - 1909 Spanish composer and pianist of the Post-Romantic
Konstantin Pobedonostsev Konstantin Pobedonostsev 1827 - 1907 Adviser to Alexander II, Alexander III
Albert Camus Albert Camus 1913 - 1960 Existentialist philosopher and novelist
Germanus of Auxerre Germanus of Auxerre 378 - 445 Bishop of Autissiodorum and defender of orthodoxy
Abbe Pierre Abbe Pierre 1912 - 2007 founder of Emmaüs movement
Marc Chagall Marc Chagall 1887 - 1985 Painting portraits
Alfred Dreyfus Alfred Dreyfus 1929 - 1978 Singer and actor
Philippe de Vitry Philippe de Vitry 1291 - 1361 Musician and bishop
Nicolas Malebranche Nicolas Malebranche 1638 - 1715 Rationalist philosopher and theologian
Osmund of Salisbury Osmund of Salisbury 1030 - 1099 Bishop of Salisbury and Lord Chancellor of England
Le Corbusier Le Corbusier 1887 - 1965
Cecile Aubry Cecile Aubry 1928 - 2010 Actress, author, television screenwriter
Pablo Morillo y Morillo Pablo Morillo y Morillo 1775 - 1837 Spanish general and colonial administrator
Max Ernst Max Ernst 1891 - 1976 Painter, sculptor, poet
Nubar Pasha Nubar Pasha 1825 - 1899 Prime Minister of Egypt
Ahmet Zogu Ahmet Zogu 1895 - 1961 First King of Albania (1928-1939)
Sergiu Celibidache Sergiu Celibidache 1912 - 1996 Conductor
Paul Gauguin Paul Gauguin 1848 - 1903 Painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist, writer
Maurice Chevalier Maurice Chevalier 1888 - 1972 French musical-comedy star and entertainer
John Calvin John Calvin 1509 - 1564 Protestant Reformation leader
Frederic Bastiat Frederic Bastiat 1801 - 1850 Economic journalist and advocate of free trade
Vu Cao Dam Vu Cao Dam 1908 - 2000 Painter, Sculptor
Thurstan of Bayeux Thurstan of Bayeux 1070 - 1140 Archbishop of York
Luis Ocana Luis Ocana 1945 - 1994 Road bicycle racer
Paul Cezanne Paul Cezanne 1839 - 1906 Post-Impressionist painter
Napoleon III Napoleon III 1808 - 1873 Emperor of the French
Stephane Lupasco Stephane Lupasco 1900 - 1988 Philosopher
Louis Cappel Louis Cappel 1585 - 1658 Protestant churchman and scholar
Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate 1652 - 1722 Correspondent and memoirist
Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Anne Robert Jacques Turgot 1727 - 1781 Comptroller general of finance under Louis XVI
Maria Bashkirtseva Maria Bashkirtseva 1858 - 1884 Portraits and cityscapes
Oscar Wilde Oscar Wilde 1854 - 1900 Playwright
Victor Hugo Victor Hugo 1802 - 1885 Romantic writer and politician
Andre Morellet Andre Morellet 1727 - 1819 Economist and miscellaneous writer
Isabel Cristina Leopoldina Augusta Micaela Isabel Cristina Leopoldina Augusta Micaela 1846 - 1921 Heiress and regent of the Empire of Brazil
Karl Lagerfeld Karl Lagerfeld 1933 - 2019 Creative director of Chanel and Fendi
Charles Aznavour Charles Aznavour 1924 - 2018 Singer, songwriter, actor and diplomat
Henri Breuil Henri Breuil 1877 - 1961 Authority on prehistoric cave art
Georges Brassens Georges Brassens 1921 - 1981 Singer-songwriter and poet
Bernard Gui Bernard Gui 1261 - 1331 Inquisitor of heresy in Languedoc
Henry IV of France Henry IV of France 1553 - 1610 King of France and Navarre, leader
Andre Chenier Andre Chenier 1762 - 1794 Poet and political journalist
Eugenia Osterberger Eugenia Osterberger 1852 - 1932 Composer and pianist
Albert Schweitzer Albert Schweitzer 1875 - 1965 Founder of the Albert Schweitzer Hospital
Afonso Augusto da Costa Afonso Augusto da Costa 1871 - 1937 Prime Minister & leader of the Portuguese Republic
Olga Boznanska Olga Boznanska 1865 - 1940 Painter
Emile Zola Emile Zola 1840 - 1902 Naturalist writer and Dreyfusard activist
Miron Cristea Miron Cristea 1868 - 1939 Patriarch
Francisco Goya Francisco Goya 1746 - 1828 Painter and printmaker
Marquis de Lafayette Marquis de Lafayette 1757 - 1834 Military leader and politician
Henri Gregoire Henri Gregoire 1750 - 1831 Constitutional bishop of Blois
Charles de Gaulle Charles de Gaulle 1890 - 1970 President of France
Niccolo Paganini Niccolo Paganini 1782 - 1840 Violinist
Emmanuelle Arsan Emmanuelle Arsan 1932 - 2005 Writer, Actress
Anne of Brittany Anne of Brittany 1477 - 1514 Duchess of Brittany and Queen of France
Germaine Dulac Germaine Dulac 1882 - 1942 Film director, film theorist
Roger Etchegaray Roger Etchegaray 1922 - 2019 President of the Pontifical Council for Justice
Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim 1858 - 1917 Sociology founder
Nikolay Muravyov Amursky Nikolay Muravyov Amursky 1809 - 1881 General admiral
Michel Aflaq Michel Aflaq 1910 - 1989 Founder of Ba'athism
Enrique Granados Enrique Granados 1876 - 1916 Composer, pianist, conductor
Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso 1881 - 1973
Mary of Guise Mary of Guise 1515 - 1560 Queen consort and regent of Scotland
Henri Matisse Henri Matisse 1869 - 1954 Painter, printmaker, sculptor, draughtsman
Garcilaso de la Vega Garcilaso de la Vega 1562 - 1635 Playwright and poet of the Spanish Golden Age
Iannis Xenakis Iannis Xenakis 1922 - 2001 Composer
Francois Fenelon Francois Fenelon 1651 - 1715 Archbishop of Cambrai, author of The Adventures
Pierre Joseph Georges Pigneau Pierre Joseph Georges Pigneau 1741 - 1799 Catholic priest and bishop of Adran
Andre Rene Roussimoff Andre Rene Roussimoff 1946 - 1993 Professional wrestler and actor
Nicolae Titulescu Nicolae Titulescu 1882 - 1941 Diplomat
Aziz Sedky Aziz Sedky 1920 - 2008 Prime Minister of Egypt
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Top 10 Died Influential People

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  • 1. Coco Chanel

    Died: 1971 A.D
    Slogan: A girl should be two things: classy and fabulous.

    Coco Chanel was a French fashion designer and businesswoman who revolutionized the style and aesthetics of women's clothing in the 20th century. She was born in a poorhouse in Saumur, France, and raised by nuns after her mother's death. She learned to sew at a young age and started her career as a milliner. She opened her first shop in Paris in 1910, selling hats and later expanding to clothing. She introduced simple, elegant, and comfortable designs that contrasted with the corseted and elaborate fashion of the time. She popularized the use of jersey fabric, tweed, and black color in women's clothing. She also created iconic accessories such as the quilted purse, costume jewelry, and the interlocked-CC monogram. She launched her first perfume, Chanel No. 5, in 1921, which became one of the most famous fragrances in the world. She also designed costumes for theater and cinema, collaborating with artists such as Pablo Picasso, Igor Stravinsky, and Jean Cocteau. She closed her fashion house during World War II and faced controversy for her involvement with a German officer. She returned to fashion in 1954, at the age of 71, and continued to create influential collections until her death in 1971. She is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in fashion history and a symbol of modern, liberated, and independent womanhood.

  • 2. Napoleon Bonaparte

    Died: 1821 A.D
    Slogan:

  • 3. Victor Hugo

    Died: 1885 A.D
    Slogan: To love beauty is to see light.

    Victor Hugo was a renowned poet, novelist and playwright of the Romantic Movement in 19th century France. He is considered by many as one of the greatest and best-known French authors of all times. He was also a political statesman and human rights activist, although he is primarily remembered for his literary creations like poetry and novels. Hugo was born on 26 February 1802 in Besançon in Eastern France. His father was a general in Napoléon’s army, and much of his childhood was therefore spent amid the backdrop of Napoléon’s campaigns in Spain and in Italy. At the age of eleven, Hugo returned to live with his mother in Paris, where he became infatuated with books and literature. Hugo began his literary career as a poet, publishing his first collection of poems, Odes et poésies diverses, in 1822. He soon became a leader of the Romantic movement with his play Cromwell (1827) and drama Hernani (1830), which challenged the classical rules of theatre. He also wrote several novels that explored social issues and human passions, such as Notre-Dame de Paris (1831), also known as The Hunchback of Notre-Dame, and Les Misérables (1862), which is considered one of the greatest novels of all time. Hugo was also involved in politics, serving as a deputy and a senator in the French parliament. He was a staunch supporter of republicanism and democracy, and opposed the monarchy and the dictatorship of Napoléon III. He was exiled from France from 1851 to 1870, living in Brussels, Jersey, and Guernsey. During his exile, he wrote some of his most famous works, such as Les Contemplations (1856), La Légende des siècles (1859), and Les Châtiments (1853), a collection of poems denouncing Napoléon III. Hugo returned to France in 1870 after the fall of the Second Empire. He continued to write and publish until his death on 22 May 1885. He was given a state funeral in the Panthéon of Paris, which was attended by over two million people. He is regarded as a national hero and a symbol of French culture.

  • 4. Louis XIV

    Died: 1715 A.D
    Slogan: Every time I appoint someone to a vacant position, I make a hundred unhappy and one ungrateful

    Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638 at St Germain-en-Laye. He became king at the age of four on the death of his father, Louis XIII. His mother, Anne of Austria, and his chief minister, Cardinal Mazarin, ruled on his behalf until he came of age in 1661. He declared that he would rule as an absolute monarch, with the famous phrase "L'état, c'est moi" ("I am the state"). He consolidated his power by building a magnificent palace at Versailles, where he moved his court and government in 1682. He patronized the arts and culture, and employed famous artists such as Molière, Racine, Lully, Le Brun, and Le Nôtre. He also reformed the legal system with the Code Louis, which unified the laws of France and served as a model for other countries. He also expanded France's territory through a series of wars, such as the War of Devolution, the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession. He secured the Spanish throne for his grandson Philip V in 1714. However, his wars also drained France's resources and provoked resentment from other European powers. He also faced domestic opposition from the Huguenots (French Protestants), whom he persecuted and deprived of their rights with the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. He died on 1 September 1715, after a reign of 72 years, the longest in European history. He was succeeded by his great-grandson Louis XV.

  • 5. Charlemagne

    Died: 814 A.D
    Slogan: To have another language is to possess a second soul

    Charlemagne was a medieval ruler who unified most of Western Europe under his rule. He was the son of Pepin the Short, who was the first Carolingian king of the Franks. He inherited half of his father's kingdom in 768 and became sole ruler after his brother Carloman's death in 771. He expanded his domain by conquering the Lombards in Italy, the Saxons in Germany, the Avars in Hungary, and other peoples in Spain and Central Europe. He also defended his lands from the attacks of the Muslims, Slavs, Danes, and Magyars. He was a devout Christian who supported the church and promoted education and culture. He reformed the administration, law, coinage, and military of his empire. He also fostered a revival of art, architecture, literature, and learning known as the Carolingian Renaissance. In 800, he was crowned as the emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in Rome. This act restored the concept of a unified Christian empire in Western Europe and established Charlemagne as the successor of the ancient Roman emperors. He was also recognized as the protector of the papacy and the leader of Christendom. His empire became known as the Holy Roman Empire after his death. Charlemagne died in 814 after a reign of 46 years. He was buried in his palace chapel in Aachen. He was succeeded by his son Louis the Pious, who divided the empire among his three sons in 843. Charlemagne's legacy was immense and lasting. He is regarded as one of the greatest rulers in history and as the father of Europe. He was canonized by some medieval popes and is venerated as a saint by some Christian churches. He is also a national hero and a cultural icon in many European countries.

  • 6. Charles de Gaulle

    Died: 1970 A.D
    Slogan: France has lost a battle! But France has not lost the war!

    Charles de Gaulle was a French soldier, writer, statesman, and architect of France’s Fifth Republic. He was born in Lille on 22 November 1890 and grew up in Paris, where his father was a teacher. He graduated from the military academy of Saint-Cyr in 1912 and served in World War I, where he was wounded and captured by the Germans. He escaped several times but was recaptured each time. After the war, he pursued a career in the army and became an expert on tank warfare. He also wrote several books on military strategy and history. In 1940, after the fall of France to Nazi Germany, he fled to London and broadcast a famous speech on the BBC, calling on the French people to resist the occupation and join him in exile. He formed the Free French Forces, which fought alongside the Allies in Africa, Europe, and Asia. He also established a provisional government in Algiers, which later moved to Paris after the liberation of France in 1944. He became the head of the provisional government until 1946, when he resigned over constitutional disagreements. He returned to politics in 1958, when France faced a crisis over the Algerian War. He was elected as the president of the newly created Fifth Republic, which gave him extensive powers. He granted independence to Algeria and other French colonies, pursued an independent foreign policy that distanced France from NATO and the United States, and developed France’s nuclear deterrent. He also initiated a series of social and economic reforms, such as the introduction of a new franc, the expansion of social security, and the promotion of regional development. He faced several challenges during his presidency, such as the student protests and workers’ strikes of May 1968, the assassination attempts by the OAS (a militant group opposed to Algerian independence), and the growing opposition from his former allies. He resigned in 1969 after losing a referendum on constitutional reform. He retired to his country home in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises, where he died on 9 November 1970 from an aneurysm. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in French history and a symbol of national unity and resistance. His political ideology, known as Gaullism, has influenced many French politicians across the political spectrum. He is also celebrated for his role in World War II and his vision of a united Europe. He is buried in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises, alongside his wife and daughter Anne, who had Down syndrome. His other two children, Philippe and Élisabeth, became prominent figures in French politics and culture.

  • 7. Claude Monet

    Died: 1926 A.D
    Slogan: Color is my day-long obsession, joy and torment.

    Claude Monet was a French painter who initiated, led, and unswervingly advocated for the Impressionist style. He is best known for his series of paintings of the same motif in different lights and seasons, such as haystacks, Rouen Cathedral, and water lilies. He was inspired by nature and sought to capture its beauty and essence with his brushstrokes. He was also influenced by Japanese art and culture, which he collected and displayed in his home in Giverny. He created a large garden there, where he planted various flowers and built a water-lily pond with a Japanese bridge. He painted many scenes of his garden, especially the water lilies, which became his signature subject. He experimented with color and light, creating vibrant and luminous paintings that expressed his impressions of the moment. He was a prolific and influential artist who paved the way for modernism and abstract art. He had many friends and admirers among his fellow artists, such as Renoir, Pissarro, Cézanne, Degas, and Sisley. He also received support from patrons like Gustave Caillebotte, Ernest Hoschedé, Georges Clemenceau, and Sergei Shchukin. He faced some financial difficulties and health problems in his life, but he never gave up his passion for painting. He died of lung cancer at the age of 86 and was buried in his beloved garden in Giverny.

  • 8. Joan of Arc

    Died: 1431 A.D
    Slogan: I am not afraid... I was born to do this.

    Joan of Arc was a peasant girl who believed that she had visions from God instructing her to help Charles VII of France to reclaim his throne from the English during the Hundred Years' War. She convinced Charles to let her lead a French army to the besieged city of Orléans, where she achieved a remarkable victory in 1429. She then escorted Charles to Reims, where he was crowned as the King of France. Joan continued to fight in several battles, but was captured by the Burgundians, allies of the English, in 1430. She was handed over to the English and put on trial for heresy and witchcraft by Bishop Pierre Cauchon. She was accused of blasphemy, cross-dressing, and acting on demonic visions. She was found guilty and burned at the stake on 30 May 1431, at the age of about 19. In 1456, a posthumous retrial declared her innocent and a martyr. She was canonized as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church in 1920. Joan of Arc is regarded as a national heroine of France and a symbol of courage, faith, and patriotism.

  • 9. Clovis I

    Died: 511 A.D
    Slogan: The Franks have one God and him will we serve

    Clovis I was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of petty kings to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs. He is considered to have been the founder of the Merovingian dynasty, which ruled the Frankish kingdom for the next two centuries. Clovis is important in the historiography of France as "the first king of what would become France". He succeeded his father, Childeric I, as a king of Salian Franks in 481, and eventually came to rule an area extending from what is now the southern Netherlands to northern France, corresponding in Roman terms to Gallia Belgica (northern Gaul). At the Battle of Soissons (486) he established his military dominance of the rump state of the fragmenting Western Roman Empire which was then under the command of Syagrius. By the time of his death in either 511 or 513, Clovis had conquered several smaller Frankish kingdoms in the northeast of Gaul including some northern parts of what is now France. Clovis also conquered the Alemanni tribes in eastern Gaul, and the Visigothic kingdom of Aquitania in the southwest. These campaigns added significantly to Clovis's domains, and established his dynasty as a major political and military presence in western Europe. Clovis is also significant because of his conversion to Nicene Christianity in 496, largely at the behest of his wife, Clotilde, who would later be venerated as a saint for this act, celebrated today in both the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. Clovis was baptized on Christmas Day in 508. The adoption by Clovis of Nicene Christianity (as opposed to the Arianism of most other Germanic tribes) led to widespread conversion among the Frankish peoples; to religious unification across what is now modern-day France, the Low Countries and Germany; three centuries later, to Charlemagne's alliance with the Bishop of Rome; and in the middle of the 10th century under Otto I the Great, to the consequent birth of the early Holy Roman Empire.

  • 10. Honore de Balzac

    Died: 1850 A.D
    Slogan: Behind every great fortune there is a crime

    Honoré de Balzac was a French literary artist who produced a vast number of novels and short stories collectively called La Comédie humaine (The Human Comedy). He helped to establish the traditional form of the novel and is generally considered to be one of the greatest novelists of all time. Balzac’s works offer a panorama of post-Napoleonic French life, especially the upper and middle classes. His realistic characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. His writing influenced many famous writers, such as Charles Dickens, Marcel Proust, Gustave Flaubert, and Henry James. Balzac was born in Tours, France, in 1799. He was the second son of Bernard-François Balssa, a former peasant who became a civil servant, and Anne-Charlotte-Laure Sallambier, who came from a family of Parisian cloth merchants. Balzac had a troubled relationship with his parents, who sent him away to boarding school at an early age. He later studied law in Paris, but soon abandoned it to pursue a literary career. He wrote under various pseudonyms and experimented with different genres, such as drama, journalism, and criticism. He also tried to be a publisher, printer, businessman, and politician, but failed in all these endeavors. Balzac’s breakthrough came in 1831 with the publication of La Peau de chagrin (The Wild Ass's Skin), a novel that combined realism and fantasy. He then began to work on a series of interconnected novels that would form La Comédie humaine, which he divided into three sections: Etudes de moeurs (Studies of Manners), Etudes analytiques (Analytical Studies), and Etudes philosophiques (Philosophical Studies). Some of his most famous novels include Eugénie Grandet (1833), Le Père Goriot (1835), Illusions perdues (Lost Illusions, 1837–1843), and La Cousine Bette (Cousin Bette, 1846). Balzac’s novels depict the social, economic, political, and cultural changes that occurred in France after the French Revolution and the rise of capitalism. He explored themes such as ambition, greed, love, marriage, family, class, money, power, corruption, crime, and justice. He also created memorable characters from all walks of life, such as Rastignac, Vautrin, Goriot, Grandet, Bette, Nucingen, Rubempré, and many others. Balzac’s personal life was also full of drama and romance. He had many affairs with women of different social backgrounds and statuses. He was engaged to Madame de Berny, a married woman who was 22 years older than him. He also had a long-distance relationship with Ewelina Hańska (née Contessa Rzewuska), a Polish aristocrat who was married to a Russian count. They exchanged hundreds of letters over 15 years before they finally met in person in 1833. They married in March 1850 in Berdychiv (now Ukraine), after the death of Ewelina’s husband. Balzac suffered from health problems throughout his life due to his intense writing schedule and lifestyle. He often worked for 15 hours a day without rest or sleep. He consumed large amounts of coffee and other stimulants to keep himself awake and productive. He also spent lavishly on clothes, furniture, art, and books. He accumulated huge debts that he struggled to pay off. He died in Paris on August 18th 1850 at the age of 51 from heart failure. He was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery, where his tombstone bears the inscription: He was a giant

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