Mohammad Ali Jinnah

Mohammad Ali Jinnah was a barrister, politician and the founder of Pakistan. He served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until the inception of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, and then as the Dominion of Pakistan's first governor-general until his death. He is revered as the father of Pakistan and the Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader) by the Pakistani people. He was born in Karachi, British India, into a wealthy merchant family of the Khoja caste. He studied law in London and became a successful lawyer in Bombay. He joined the Indian National Congress in 1906 and advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity and self-government for India. However, he became disillusioned with the Congress and its leader Mahatma Gandhi, who he thought favoured the Hindu majority over the Muslim minority. He left the Congress in 1920 and joined the Muslim League, which sought to protect the rights and interests of the Muslims in India. He became the president of the League in 1913 and transformed it into a mass political movement. He demanded a separate state for the Muslims of India, based on the two-nation theory that Hindus and Muslims were two distinct nations that could not coexist peacefully. He led the Muslim League in the negotiations with the British government and the Congress for the partition of India. He succeeded in creating Pakistan as a sovereign state on 14 August 1947, after a bloody and violent partition that resulted in the migration of millions of people and the death of hundreds of thousands. He became the first governor-general of Pakistan and worked to establish a democratic and progressive constitution, a strong military, and a stable economy. He also faced many challenges, such as the Kashmir dispute, the refugee crisis, the communal riots, and the opposition from some religious groups. He suffered from poor health and died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948 in Karachi. He was buried in a mausoleum known as the Mazar-e-Quaid, which is a national symbol of Pakistan. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest leaders of the 20th century and a champion of Muslim rights and dignity.