Henry V

Henry V was the son of Henry IV and his first wife, Bertha of Savoy. He was made co-ruler by his father in 1098, but he rebelled against him in 1104 and forced him to abdicate in 1105. He became the king of Germany and the Holy Roman emperor after his father's death in 1106. He continued the struggle with the papacy over the right to invest bishops with secular authority, which had caused a schism in the church. He invaded Italy twice and captured Pope Paschal II in 1111, forcing him to crown him as emperor and to grant him the investiture right. However, the pope later repudiated the agreement and excommunicated Henry. Henry faced opposition from the German princes, who resented his autocratic rule and his attempts to increase his control over the church. He also had conflicts with Flanders, Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland. In 1114, he married Matilda of England, the daughter of Henry I, but they had no children. In 1122, he finally reached a compromise with the papacy in the Concordat of Worms, which ended the Investiture Controversy. He recognized the pope's authority to appoint bishops, while retaining the right to invest them with secular lands and rights. He died in 1125 in Utrecht, where he had gone to suppress a rebellion. He was buried in Speyer Cathedral, but his heart and bowels were interred in the Cathedral of Saint Martin in Utrecht. He was the last of the Salian dynasty of emperors, and he was succeeded by Lothair III of Supplinburg.¹²